MOTAT- Part 2

After the printing of printing been achieved in China, during the year 1040, another Chinese man called Bi Sheng successfully invents the moveable types printing technology. According the MOTAT information, this moveable type printing technology was made out by porcelain. Moveable type is the system of using individual letter or characters together to form words and sentences, from which text is then printed.
Other Asian cultures such as Korean, also used early system of moveable type.Korean printers were using cast bronze moveable type long before such methods were known in Europe. The earliest surviving Korean book, printed by using cast metal moveable type, is called the Jikiji and dates to approximately year 1377 AD. However, due to the information of MOTAT printing technology timeline, in year 1230AD, during the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea there are another metal moveable type has been invented and used to print books.

Movable Type Printing- Korea 1438

Internet Reference of Moveable Type Printing Technology

One of the moveable type printing technology that still being using in MOTAT to provide a better experience with knowledge. 

1338: First paper mill opened in France.
1439: Johannes Gutenberg develops printing press allowing the mass printing of books. Through the research i knew that, Johannes Gutenberg was a publisher who introduce the printing to Europe country. He was also the person who invents the mechanical moveable type printer.

In MOTAT there are part of Johannes Gutenberg life story information to be shown on the board. 
Internet Reference : Johannes Gutenberg
First printed newspaper also known as first European Newspaper was released on 1605. Johann Carolus, who previously earned his living by producing hand-written news sheets for wealthy subscribers, acquired a printing press and published this newspaper called Relation, in Strasbourg (Germany).
Internet Reference: First European Newspaper
Internet Reference: First Press Printed Newspaper
In year 1642, Mezzo-tint printing technology was invented by a Germany guy called Ludwig Von Siegen, he was a German Soldier and an amateur engraver. Mezzo-tint usually is a printmaking process of the intaglio. According to the MOTAT information, the first Mezzo-tint enables half tones to be produced.
Internet Reference: Mezzo-tint 
Stereotype is a type of printing plate that developed in the late of 18th century and widely used in letterpress, newspaper and others high-speed pressure runs. Stereotype printing technology was invented by a Scottish goldsmith called William Ged in 1725.

 MOTAT has displayed an Wooden Press printing machine and it allowed us to operate and experience it.
Internet Reference: Stereotyping -William Ged
1796: Alois Senefelder invents lithography technology. Lithography technology is a method for printing using a stone or metal plate with a completely smooth surface. According to MOTAT information, this technology was most often used for printing images.

 

Lithography inventor - Alois Senefelder

Internet Photo Reference
Lithography printing technology inventors - Alois Senefelder
1800: The first completely iron printing press been invented in British by a statesman and scientist Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Standhope. This is the first printing entirely out of iron. This technology successfully increased the rigidity enabled by the iron, rather than wood construction. Moreover, further improved the efficiency of the press (the average of output from 200 sheets per hour from the wooden hand press increase to 250 sheets per hour on Stanhope press.
Internet Reference: Iron Printing 
1814: Frerich Koenig of Germany, with engineer Andreas Bauer, builds a steam- operated printing press; increases print speed to over 1,000 pages an hour.
1847: Rotary drum printing is patented by Richard March Hoe in the United States, increases printing speed to 8000 sheets an hour.
1863: Rotary web-fed letterpress invented by William Bullock, allows printing of 12000 sheets an hour, later this increase to 30000 sheets and double sides printing.
1875: Robert Barclay, England, invents offset printing for use on tin. After this offset printing been developed, Mr. Barclay quickly patented his design to protect the technology. Moreover, offset printing known as commonly used printing technique in which the inked image is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface.
Internet Reference: Offset Printing by Robert Barclay
1886: The Linotype or mechanical typesetting machine invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler of Germany in 1884 was also a great saver of time in the production of printing job. Since Johannes Gutenberg's  invention of movable type more than 400 years earlier, type had been set one character at a time by manual laborers who physically inserted raised-and-reverse metal type; but with Mergenthaler's Linotype machine typesetting and casting was performed at a keyboard.

Internet Reference: Ottmar Mergenthaler - Linotype
1903: Ira Washington Rubel develops offset printing for paper.

This photo above is probably the first offset lithographic press the Ira Washington Rubel Sold.

Circa 1910S: the Gestetner Rotary Cyclostyle Duplicator invented in 1890 by David Gestetner, this cyclostyle duplicator isn't the printer, however it was a forerunner to the photocopier. The machine has displayed in MOTAT.

First Offset Printing for paper
1947: Phototypesetting makes office printing practical.

Circa 1950s -1970s An ink roller like this Minite example would transfer ink to a lithograph stone, or other printing equipment. Originally created by Louis Milton Limited, the Mintite brand produced a line of rollers, roller coverings and inking materials between 1950 and 1992. (Photo from MOTAT).

1953: Remington Rand develops a printer for use with the Univac computer.
1957: IBM begins marketing the first dot matrix printer that printed by impact, similar to a typewriter.
First computer printer & Dot matrix printer
1969: Gary Starkweather, a researcher at Xerox, invents the first laser printer.
1993: The digital printer press is developed.

Nowadays, digital printer was much improvement and convenience.

The factor-factor of the Social Impact

• Undeniable, the improvement of the printing technology has successfully given an excellent convenience to the human. However, the improvement of the technology essentially increased the negative and positive impact to the social.
• The printing technology involves the reproduction of text and images into many copies, mainly in book form.
• Printing has promoted a cultural exchange between people in different parts of the world by encouraging authors to publish their material in bulk.
• Moreover, the most important social impact of printing is the historical preservation of cultures.
• Printing technology also helps to revive philosophies of the past by referring to literature that was written during the time being considered.
• Mass printing at a given time is usually taken to mean that a society in the past has assimilated the reproduced material in large numbers.
• The impact of the technology is felt daily at the educational level.  

From the study and research, i understand that the changes of the technology has directly affected to human in every generation. Even-though, the improvement of the society and technology in this modern year are quickly as usual. However, none of one technology that able to be use to replace the printer. Therefore, printing technology has obviously becomes a permanent requirement for the human. Regardless of the significant of the printing doesn't affected to any kind of human in the world.
Internet Reference