Module 6: Debate < The Sustainable of Gasoline Engine>

In this debate, we have decided a debate topic which is the sustainable of the gasoline engine. I was in the group of agree the gasoline engine that still sustainable. And the other group was doing the disagree of the gasoline engine. We had 5 person in totally for our group, in order to do acquire more information and details for our debate, we had decided to do the research individually and make a discussion after. Due to the request from our lecturer, we need to provide those information and evidence in the e-portfolio. Here are the main point that we had done for our debate.

1. We agree that gasoline engine is still sustainable and important in the automobile industry.
2. Compare to those electric engine vehicles, gasoline engine vehicles provide a better speed, power, and comfort advantages to the drivers.
3. From the history we can know that, gasoline engine has conquered the automotive industry among 350 years or more.Therefore, it has already prove that gasoline engine was a very reliable engine for the driver.
4. Do comparison between gasoline engine and electric or hybrid engine, the repairing cost or maintenance cost of the gasoline engine is much cheaper than the electric engine. This is partly a reason of the majority of the vehicles product are the gasoline engine.
5. Among many of the advantages of the gasoline car may be mentioned first the large range of choice because of the number of types available on the market. 
6. Second the capability of running long distances without replenishing supplies.
7. Third wide dissemination of knowledge regarding its construction.
8. Fourth no gauges to watch and partially automatic operation.
9. Even at the rapidly rising cost, it is still cheaper than any other fuel.
10. Gasoline engine has higher energy density than almost any other from of energy. Therefore gasoline engine lets vehicles travel further between refills than almost any other form of energy.
11. The impact of the gasoline engine to others industry was very large and wide.
12. From the research of American Thresher man. They said that a "gasoline engine is one man power." That is, it is a power that one man all alone can operate to good advantage and do the work of two or three men with other kinds of power.
13. Gasoline engine gives plenty of power all the time.
14. Compare to the hybrid vehicles, gasoline engine warm up time was much shorter than hybrid vehicles.
15. The sustainable of gasoline engine is true, due to the fact of heavy vehicle such as truck, tanks, marine boat and etc are also using the gasoline engine.
16. Gasoline engine is much lighter and also it's not complicated as any other type of energy.
17. Gasoline engine is available anywhere, even in the less develop country.
18. Does not need to take time for charging the vehicles.
19. According to BBC News on 4th October, a report wrote through the research from Norwegian University of science and Technology has mentioned that, the pollution of the electric vehicles EVs or Hybrid vehicles HEVs is even higher than the gasoline engine. Basically a electric vehicles required a lot toxic materials such as the nickle, copper and aluminum.
20. A lot of side impact that can be happen to others industry such as marine industry, power station, etc. 
21. Electric vehicle produce an indirectly pollution to the environment and human. As we can know, as many the electric vehicle drive in future, as many power station or power source need to be build up. 
22. Therefore, excessive power station will produces others pollution to the environment such as the acid rain, airborne particulate matter, smog, and human toxicity.

These photos has shows that our group was doing the discussion after the information been collected. We share out our own opinions to our group on the day before the debate start. Photos took on 7/11/2012.

MODULE 5: Emerging Technology

Wireless WiFi Network Power

The emerging technology that i going to elaborate on this module is wireless power (WIFI Network). As we can know, society is deeply reliant on electrically powered devices. Yet, a significant limitation in their continued development and utility is the need to be attached to the electricity grid by wire, either permanently or through frequent battery recharging. Emerging approaches to wireless power transmission will free electrical devices from having to be physically plugged in, and are poised to have as significant an impact on personal electronics as WIFI had on internet use.

Why wireless ?

Here we will discuss about several advantages and disadvantages of the wireless power.

• Convenience- The wireless nature of such network allows users to access network resources from nearly any convenient location within their primary networking environment such as the home or office. With the increasing saturation of laptop style computers, this is particularly relevant.
• Mobility- With the emergence of public wireless network, users can access the internet even outside their normal work environment. Most chain coffee shops, for example, offer their customers a wireless connection to the internet at little or no cost.
• Productivity - Users connected to a wireless network can maintain a nearly constant affiliation with their desired network as they move from place to place. For a business, this implies that an employee can potentially be more productive as his or her work can be accomplished from any convenient location.
• Development - Initial setup of an infrastructure based wireless network requires little more than a single access point. Wired networks, on the other hand, have the additional cost and complexity of actual physical cables being run to numerous locations (Which can even be impossible for hard to reach locations within a building).
• Expandability- Wireless networks can serve a suddenly increased number of clients with the existing equipment. In a wired network, additional clients would require additional wiring.
• Cost- Wireless networking hardware is at worst a modest increase from wired counterparts. This potentially increased cost is almost always more than outweighed by the savings in cost and labor associated to running physical cables.  

Disadvantages

• Security- To combat this consideration, wireless networks may choose to utilize some of the various encryption technologies available. Some of the more commonly utilized encryption methods, however, are known to have weakness that a dedicated adversary can compromise.
• Range- WiFi network have limited range. A typical WiFi home router might have a range of 45m which is 150ft indoors and 90m which is 300ft outdoors.The typical range of a common 802.11g network with standard equipment is on the order of tens of meters. While sufficient for a typical home, it will be insufficient in a larger structure. 
• Reliability - Like any radio frequency transmission, wireless networking signals are subject to a wide variety of interference, as well as complex propagation effects that are beyond the control of the network administrator.
• Speed- The speed on most wireless network (typically 1.54Mbps) is far slower than even the slowest common wired networks (100Mbps up to several Gbps). However, in specialized environments, the throughput of a wired network might be necessary.

Internet Reference of wireless power

Future impacts for wireless power
positive impact:
Wireless power can actually use to transfer electricity and provide a long term electricity to others electronic device such as wireless phone, wireless internet, wireless charging, wireless speaker, wireless remotes, wireless controllers and etc. A system called wireless power transmission technology has indicated the benefit of wireless power in the future. According to WiTricity, their wireless power transmission technology holds numerous benefits in future:

• It has been shown to be up to 95% efficient for many applications, depending upon the distance.
• Electricity can be transferred through common building materials, humans, and even around metals that might block the magnetic fields.
• It is completely safe to animals and humans
• It can be scalable from milliwatts to kilowatts 
• It eliminates the need for all those darned power cords.
• The power sources only transfer electricity when a device or appliance calls for it. No wasted energy.
• The power sources can be placed in almost any OEM application.

Reference of wireless power
We can actually think about it. In the future, there might be only one power source embedded in a structure, no outlets and no cords. You could place electrical devices wherever you want. Your computer workstation and your entertainment center would no longer be a certifiable fire hazard. Your cellphone would never die or annoy you with cries of low battery like chirping bird squawking for more worms.

From the video we able to know that how does the wireless power been produced, and how does the wireless power can be transferred to others electrical device such as cellphone, computer, vehicles,etc.

This video has shows the description of Wi Tricity company product the wireless power device and the advantages. In this video, it has also mention about the wireless power use to charging the fully electrical car. This would be another main point that provide as a positive impacts to the human and future industry.

From my opinion, in recent year electrical car has been promoted and increasing the amount of it, however electrical car having a major problem which is the lack of power source. Through study, i know that certain of electric vehicles only can provided shorten running distance. Therefore, the improvement of the wireless power technology could be able to solve out this problem in the future.

MODULE 4 : Cultures & Technology

 History of Maori

Through the New Zealand history we able to know that how Maori people survival after they first step and conquered the New Zealand. In history shown the early Maori people knows survived by fishing and hunting birds. The early Maori settlers discovered that their new home was also the home of many flightless birds, including the Moa. The Moa was particularly abundant in the South Island. There were several species of the bird, ranging from the size of a turkey to over three meters tall and weighing up to two hundred kilograms. The Maori hunted the Moa extensively for food, the bones were also used to create weapons.

The Maori were very isolated on New Zealand for several centuries and therefore developed quite a unique society which was very different from their ancestors on the islands to the north. They spread across New Zealand, forming many clans and achieved spectacular heights in woodcarving, tattooing, and other art forms.

Although Maori culture was a totally stone-age culture until the arrival of Europeans and the introduction of metal, it was highly evolved. The various working materials used before the Maori had access to metal were mainly bird bones, whale bones, ivory teeth, both dog and human bones, and also stone, from the large stone resources which had been discovered further inland within New Zealand. However, before the obtaining of European tools, Maori  produced works of art which were extremely beautiful and considered very advanced especially when compared to the craftsmanship of other primitive people.

The impact after Europeans arrival has brings several advantages and disadvantages to the Maori people for example

• Europeans brings over those various working materials such as the metal tools.

• Maori had replace those traditional tools or material such as the animal bones, animal teeth and stone to the metal.

• The impact of European had enhances the technology of the Maori people.

• However, the negative impact of the European people to the Maori people such as they culture of the Maori has been affected by European. Although, they didn't destroy the usual traditional stuff (for example Maori art) but, the improvement of the technology had indirectly affect the works of art of the Maori peoples.

This photo above has shown the early Maori hunting tools.Maori Hunting Tools

The picture above has also shown one of the early Maori tools called "Taiaha".

A very beautiful wood craving patterns.

This picture has shows the Maori tattoo art and cultures. 

Internet Reference [images]

Cultures Viewpoints

As we can see, Maori people having an unique culture in the country of New Zealand. Due to the MAORI SOURCE mention that, Maori language has been introduce frequently to others ethnicity. Hence that, Maori has a very friendly culture as we can see. At Kohanga Reo, preschool in New Zealand, those children are encouraged to speak in Maori language. Primary and secondary schools build on this early immersion by including Maori language in the curriculum. Moreover, the traditional carvers also help to keep Maori culture alive by creating intricate works that pay respect to the past. The ancient beliefs of Maori culture are recognized and respected by New Zealand's leaders today.

Maori culture is a rich and varied one, and includes traditional and contemporary arts. Traditional arts such as craving, weaving, kapa, haka( group performance), whaikorero (oratory) and moko (tattoo) are practiced throughout the country. Today Maori culture also includes art, film, television, poetry, theatre , hip-hop.

Social Viewpoint 

Many Maori and other Indigenous peoples have opposed the modification of new technologies in both indigenous and non-indigenous forums. In studied, we know that part of the resistance to new technologies is the impact they have on cultural values and the environment. Undeniable, the improvement of the technology will definitely affected to the any indigenous peoples. The effective of the technology advanced is either in positive impact or negative impact. Here we will discuss several impacts of the technology to the Maori society.

1. Improve living standard- Living standard will be enhanced after the changes of the technology. This being agree as positive impact to the Maori people. Maori lifestyle has became more modernization and much convenience.
2. Environment issues- The advances of the technology with the environment issues has become an direct proportional. Increases the product of the latest technology such as phone, computer, vehicles and etc. Those technology has badly provided some wasted material and waste gas to the environment. 
3. Alternate the expenses of the living life- The expenses of the Maori people will be increasing while they applied the technology.
4.  Culture - Cultures issues might be happen after the enhancement of technology, the changes of the Maori culture range is belongs to the places and time. And we agree that different place will have some different changes of the cultures.

The comparison between Maori and others indigenous

I will like to do discussion about the comparison between Maori (New Zealand) people and Orang Asli (Malaysia).

This videos has shows about how the living style for the early Orang Asli.

• The Indigenous people of Peninsula Malaysia are collectively referred to as Orang Asli which in Bahasa Malaysia means ‘original people’.
• In 2000, the Orang Asli comprise only 0.5% of the total population in Malaysia. Their population is approximately 148,000. 
• The poverty rate among Orang Asli is 76.9%. Approximately 35.2% of the population as being "hardcore poor". 
• The majority of Orang Asli live in rural areas.
• In 1991, the literacy rate for the Orang Asli was 43% compared to the national rate of 86%.
• They have an average life expectancy if 53 years. A high infant mortality rate is also evident with 51.7 deaths per 1000 births.
• Orang Asli are traditionally animists, where they believe in the presence if spirits in various objects.
• However, in the 21st century, many of them have embraced monotheistic religions such as Islam and Christianity.

Internet Reference of Orang Asli (Malaysia)
Internet Reference of Orang Asli (Malaysia)

Through the picture above, you can see the typical lifestyle for Orang Asli (Malaysia).Internet Reference [image]

 Internet Reference Orang Asli Malaysia [image]

  
Traditional Hunting Equipment

Blow Pipe - Blow Pipe are the traditional weapon of the Orang Asli. Usually, they are made of bamboo and wood.

 This picture above has shown the origin Orang Asli hunting tools.

MODULE 3: ETHICS - Internet

The topic that i chosen in this module is the "Ethics of internet". The meaning of the ethics is the basic concepts and fundamental principles of right human conduct. It includes study of universal values such as the essential equality of all men and women, human or natural right, obedience to the law of land, concern for health and safety and, increasingly, also for the natural environment and also the morality. Ethics are a set of moral principles that govern an individual or a group on what is acceptable behavior while using a computer. Computer ethics is a set of moral principles that govern the usage of computers. One of the common issues of computer ethics is violation of copyright issues.

Duplicating copyrighted content without the author’s approval, accessing personal information of others are some of the examples that violate ethical principles. Internet ethics means  acceptable behavior for using internet. We should be honest, respect the rights and property of others on the internet. Due to the enhancement of the internet technology, internet has already become a "common searching tools". Through the searching from the internet, people be able to acquire a lot of information and details. However, the convenience of the internet technology has obviously brings the ethics problems to the human. Due to the fact, people utilize the convenience of the internet and usually involve some incorrect using method. Therefore, this kind of issue has create the the ethics issues in carelessly.

Issues of Internet Ethics

• Legal issues- Stealing copyright and credit for intellectual property. (Pornography, hate speech, restricted data and etc)
• Social issues - Deliberate public misunderstand information. (censorship and freedom of expression)
• Identify issues- Improper commercial and improper personal use on network identify. (Reliability and accountability)
• Privacy issues- Intercepting private email, privacy are almost every commercial website has a privacy statement.
• Security issues- Stealing and hacking internet account. (Data Protection)

*In year 1996, New Zealand had launch the restrictions on internet use.

   

Privacy (E-commerce Act)

The unauthorized copying, reproduction, dissemination, distribution, importation, use removal, alteration, substitution, modification, storage, uploading, downloading, communication, making available to the public or broadcasting of protected material, electronic signatures or copyrighted works, including legally protected sound recordings or information material on protected.

Internet Reference

[image] Internet Reference of privacy chart

Through the research, we can saw that only less than half people know how to protect privacy online. 

  Scenario of ethical rules for computer users

 Some of the rules that  individuals should follow while using a computer are listed below:

• Do not use computers to harm other users.
• Do not use computers to steal others information.
• Do not access files without the permission of the owner.
• Do not copy copyrighted software without the author’s permission.
• Always respect copyright laws and policies.
• Respect the privacy of others, just as you expect the same from others.
• Do not use other user's computer resources without their permission.
• Use Internet ethically.
• Complain about illegal communication and activities, if found, to Internet service Providers and local law enforcement authorities.
• Users are responsible for safeguarding their User Id and Passwords. They should not write them on paper or anywhere else for remembrance.
• Users should not intentionally use the computers to retrieve or modify the information of others, which may include password information, files, etc..

Module 2 : Societal Trends

Following the title above, i have decided to discussing about the societal trend for the TV "Television" technology and the industry. As we can know, television has represented an important material and it has becomes a part of entertainment in our life. Moreover, the media world is becoming increasingly complex and the amount of consumers are also increased. There are several advantages for TV are going to elaborate out such as

1. TV is an integral part of everyday life -
   Television is as much a part of everyday life as eating and drinking. It is in fact a very natural part of daily life. According through the research of EGTA ( European association of television and radio sales houses) 94 percent of European households own a television and make TV viewing an integral part of their day. Undeniable, TV plays a central role in most people’s lives. As such TV advertising is a powerful communication tool and as much a part of television viewing, as the programmers themselves.
2.  TV is a true mass medium
   In research, people continue to spend significantly more time with television than with other media or entertainment. TV has continually manage to instantly reach million of viewer, allowing for a communication message to reach a broad mass within a short amount of time. In fact, when it comes to launching a new product, no other media can achieve significant national notoriety within just a few weeks.
3. TV is emotional
   TV stimulates the parts of the brain that other media simply don’t reach as effectively. The fact that TV is veritable feast of moving images and sound maximizes the opportunity for advertisers to engage their audience. And as recent engagement studies show, an engaged viewer is more likely to have a positive emotional association with a brand and is more likely to consider purchasing it in the future.
4. TV is the most persuasive
   TV’s persuasiveness is in part due to the word of mouth element. Watching television with other people provides an ideal opportunity to talk about TV advertising and ‘pass on’ ads in the same time and space as the advertising itself. 
5. TV is credible
   Television is closest to reality and in turn offers the greatest authenticity. TV is the most credible medium. For advertising this means that the shine of the clean laundry, the enjoyment of the premium espresso and the speed of a race car are best illustrated on TV. 
6.  TV delivers a measurable return on investment
   TV, it not only offers the most accurate data but also allows for some comparison across countries. Television should be used as a quality benchmark for other media, to encourage the same level of audience measurement reliability. The existing research does an exceptionally good job in providing a currency for buyers and sellers. This currency has been present for many years and has generated a degree of trust amongst all stakeholders in the brand.
   Internet Reference

TV trends 

• European studies show that TV is still the primary media for entertainment across all age groups. The only exception is with the 15-24s, who are now more inclined to see the internet as a provider of entertainment, much like the TV. For the older age groups the internet is still primarily used for seeking information about products and brands and the TV is used for entertainment.
• The days will soon be over where we could label the internet a "lean-forward" media and TV a "lean-backward" media. Traditional TV is absolutely less engaging and demanding for interactivity but the increasing amount of content available online combined with the younger generation's natural and untroubled use of i Pads, computers, smartphones and other devices means that the divide between leaning forward and leaning backward will become increasingly blurred.
• The younger generations shift easily between media, platforms and content. Their engagement is determined not by the media but by the content.
• Video viewing online is growing in the teenage segment - but not as such reducing TV viewing. However, TV is becoming an even more passive activity because we are engaging in alternative activities when watching TV.
• The majority of consumers still prefer to watch the video on a TV screen and VOD (Video On Demand) has to be cheap and convenient.
• Increased popularity of VOD (Video On Demand) and buying of content enables profiling and behavioral targeting.
  TV and Videos trends Internet Reference

 Current trends

TV Embraces the Internet-Nowadays, people don't necessarily need television sets in order to consume media. But while the recession prompted consumers to cut back on dining out and other frivolities, they did continue to spend on home entertainment, which has prompted many TV manufacturers invest in new, internet enabled models. Therefore, even while traditional television is being challenged by the rise of internet video streaming, manufacturers are embracing new consumer behavior. Through the survey of Delloitte, it indicates that the internet, mobile and social media channels are enhancing the overall television viewer experience, driving people to watch first run program mes and live events during their initial broadcast.

[Image of Internet TV] Internet Reference

TV on 3D - 3D technology was touted as the next frontier in the TV industry, but consumers don’t seem to be latching on — in a 2010 study, 83% of survey respondents said 3D technology isn’t enough to make them want to buy a new TV, and nearly one-third of people say 3D doesn’t enhance the viewing experience. It seems that 3D technology is preferred on the big screens of movie theaters and not in one’s home. Just 3% of TV owners own a 3D TV, but there’s not much 3D content out there to keep them entertained. The resistance also can be attributed to the glasses factor: many people find them uncomfortable, inconvenient and, in some cases, nausea-inducing.

The attractive of 3D television has continuously attract the consumers and it becomes much popular in recent year. Internet Reference of [ image 2]

LED, LCD and Flat Panel Screens 
In recent year, LED (Light Emitting Diode), LCD ( Liquid Crystal Display) TV and those flat panel screens TV has represented at least up to70% or above of the TV factory sales. From the research, Flat Panel Screens TV penetration has increased more than tripled to 39% from 2006 to 2010. Hence that, consumers are apparently pay more concern on the size and the feature of the TV. Despite the sales spikes for these new TV features, the average number of TVs per household has not changed, the market share is rising because consumers are “trading up” for bigger and better televisions.

Flat Panel Screen TV having a biggest size screen and an excellent feature. These kind of TV given a wonderful visual effect to the consumers. Internet Reference flat panel screen [Image 3]

Future Trends

TV was much reliable in a future, i believe that TV not only used for entertaining people. Moreover, in future TV will becomes an essential communication tools between peoples. The significant of the TV brings a lot of convenience to the human in future. TV has been concerned by the TV factory in order to attract more consumers, therefore the design of the TV is much important as usual. There are several future concept of TV such as

Liquid Crystals Reign Supreme- LCD sets are potentially more energy efficient, capable of becoming thinner, and their picture quality to the untrained eye of most consumers.HD DVD and Blu-ray, LCD has emerged as the clear front-runner for the time being, not necessarily due to superior technology, but simply because more manufacturers are involved in the business than they are in plasma and DLP.

The Birth of OLED- It's called Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED) technology, and it's already a reality. Like all OLED TV, the XEL-1 TV by SONY display consists of layers of organic polymers sandwiched between two conductors. An electrical current is applied, and voila, a bright, electroluminescent light is produced.

3DTV and More- 3D TV hinges on our ability to create a viewing screen that presents the viewer with two sets of slightly different images: one for the left eye, and one for the right. Moreover, An extra technology might be apply in future 3D TV is called Holographic TV. Holographic TV will able to puts you in the action with the effect of 3D.

Internet Reference of future TV

MOTAT- Part 2

After the printing of printing been achieved in China, during the year 1040, another Chinese man called Bi Sheng successfully invents the moveable types printing technology. According the MOTAT information, this moveable type printing technology was made out by porcelain. Moveable type is the system of using individual letter or characters together to form words and sentences, from which text is then printed.
Other Asian cultures such as Korean, also used early system of moveable type.Korean printers were using cast bronze moveable type long before such methods were known in Europe. The earliest surviving Korean book, printed by using cast metal moveable type, is called the Jikiji and dates to approximately year 1377 AD. However, due to the information of MOTAT printing technology timeline, in year 1230AD, during the Goryeo Dynasty of Korea there are another metal moveable type has been invented and used to print books.

Movable Type Printing- Korea 1438

Internet Reference of Moveable Type Printing Technology

One of the moveable type printing technology that still being using in MOTAT to provide a better experience with knowledge. 

1338: First paper mill opened in France.
1439: Johannes Gutenberg develops printing press allowing the mass printing of books. Through the research i knew that, Johannes Gutenberg was a publisher who introduce the printing to Europe country. He was also the person who invents the mechanical moveable type printer.

In MOTAT there are part of Johannes Gutenberg life story information to be shown on the board. 
Internet Reference : Johannes Gutenberg
First printed newspaper also known as first European Newspaper was released on 1605. Johann Carolus, who previously earned his living by producing hand-written news sheets for wealthy subscribers, acquired a printing press and published this newspaper called Relation, in Strasbourg (Germany).
Internet Reference: First European Newspaper
Internet Reference: First Press Printed Newspaper
In year 1642, Mezzo-tint printing technology was invented by a Germany guy called Ludwig Von Siegen, he was a German Soldier and an amateur engraver. Mezzo-tint usually is a printmaking process of the intaglio. According to the MOTAT information, the first Mezzo-tint enables half tones to be produced.
Internet Reference: Mezzo-tint 
Stereotype is a type of printing plate that developed in the late of 18th century and widely used in letterpress, newspaper and others high-speed pressure runs. Stereotype printing technology was invented by a Scottish goldsmith called William Ged in 1725.

 MOTAT has displayed an Wooden Press printing machine and it allowed us to operate and experience it.
Internet Reference: Stereotyping -William Ged
1796: Alois Senefelder invents lithography technology. Lithography technology is a method for printing using a stone or metal plate with a completely smooth surface. According to MOTAT information, this technology was most often used for printing images.

 

Lithography inventor - Alois Senefelder

Internet Photo Reference
Lithography printing technology inventors - Alois Senefelder
1800: The first completely iron printing press been invented in British by a statesman and scientist Charles Stanhope, 3rd Earl Standhope. This is the first printing entirely out of iron. This technology successfully increased the rigidity enabled by the iron, rather than wood construction. Moreover, further improved the efficiency of the press (the average of output from 200 sheets per hour from the wooden hand press increase to 250 sheets per hour on Stanhope press.
Internet Reference: Iron Printing 
1814: Frerich Koenig of Germany, with engineer Andreas Bauer, builds a steam- operated printing press; increases print speed to over 1,000 pages an hour.
1847: Rotary drum printing is patented by Richard March Hoe in the United States, increases printing speed to 8000 sheets an hour.
1863: Rotary web-fed letterpress invented by William Bullock, allows printing of 12000 sheets an hour, later this increase to 30000 sheets and double sides printing.
1875: Robert Barclay, England, invents offset printing for use on tin. After this offset printing been developed, Mr. Barclay quickly patented his design to protect the technology. Moreover, offset printing known as commonly used printing technique in which the inked image is transferred from a plate to a rubber blanket, then to the printing surface.
Internet Reference: Offset Printing by Robert Barclay
1886: The Linotype or mechanical typesetting machine invented by Ottmar Mergenthaler of Germany in 1884 was also a great saver of time in the production of printing job. Since Johannes Gutenberg's  invention of movable type more than 400 years earlier, type had been set one character at a time by manual laborers who physically inserted raised-and-reverse metal type; but with Mergenthaler's Linotype machine typesetting and casting was performed at a keyboard.

Internet Reference: Ottmar Mergenthaler - Linotype
1903: Ira Washington Rubel develops offset printing for paper.

This photo above is probably the first offset lithographic press the Ira Washington Rubel Sold.

Circa 1910S: the Gestetner Rotary Cyclostyle Duplicator invented in 1890 by David Gestetner, this cyclostyle duplicator isn't the printer, however it was a forerunner to the photocopier. The machine has displayed in MOTAT.

First Offset Printing for paper
1947: Phototypesetting makes office printing practical.

Circa 1950s -1970s An ink roller like this Minite example would transfer ink to a lithograph stone, or other printing equipment. Originally created by Louis Milton Limited, the Mintite brand produced a line of rollers, roller coverings and inking materials between 1950 and 1992. (Photo from MOTAT).

1953: Remington Rand develops a printer for use with the Univac computer.
1957: IBM begins marketing the first dot matrix printer that printed by impact, similar to a typewriter.
First computer printer & Dot matrix printer
1969: Gary Starkweather, a researcher at Xerox, invents the first laser printer.
1993: The digital printer press is developed.

Nowadays, digital printer was much improvement and convenience.

The factor-factor of the Social Impact

• Undeniable, the improvement of the printing technology has successfully given an excellent convenience to the human. However, the improvement of the technology essentially increased the negative and positive impact to the social.
• The printing technology involves the reproduction of text and images into many copies, mainly in book form.
• Printing has promoted a cultural exchange between people in different parts of the world by encouraging authors to publish their material in bulk.
• Moreover, the most important social impact of printing is the historical preservation of cultures.
• Printing technology also helps to revive philosophies of the past by referring to literature that was written during the time being considered.
• Mass printing at a given time is usually taken to mean that a society in the past has assimilated the reproduced material in large numbers.
• The impact of the technology is felt daily at the educational level.  

From the study and research, i understand that the changes of the technology has directly affected to human in every generation. Even-though, the improvement of the society and technology in this modern year are quickly as usual. However, none of one technology that able to be use to replace the printer. Therefore, printing technology has obviously becomes a permanent requirement for the human. Regardless of the significant of the printing doesn't affected to any kind of human in the world.
Internet Reference

MOTAT- Part 1

I had visited the Museum of Transport And Technology (MOTAT) on 19th August 2012, after paying a visit to MOTAT i had experienced that the changes of the industrial from early generation to latest generation has brings several advantages and disadvantages to human. One of the technology has been chosen from me to elaborate and investigate for my societal context course is the printing technology.

Printing Technology

History of Printing Technology
The technological innovation in printing has unconsciously steps over 4000 years. In fact, the timeline of the printing technology has directly effected to the several industrial such as the industry of art, advertising, and graphic design. According to the record from the MOTAT, it shown that printing technology was first invested in circa 3000 BC, the Mesopotamia civilization use the round cylinder seals for rolling an impression onto clay tablets. Through the internet research in more details, this earliest printing technology was stamped into Soft Clay approximately (2,291BCE to 2,254BCE )

This Brick Printing Block is the collection of Schoyen called MS 5106.

http://www.historyofinformation.com/expanded.php?id=261

Block printing in blind on gold.

Block type printing has been used over few thousand years. In years between 2291BC to 1500AD , block type printing was very popular used onto the clay, gold and also the paper until the moveable type printing technology been invents. Undeniable, block type printing was really incredible been using over 30th century.
Internet Reference : Schoyen Collection

History of Paper 
In year 2nd BC which during the Han Dynasty of China, people begin printing onto silk using the wooden blocks. During the same generation, a china's court eunuch called Cai Lun invents the paper. However, first traces of paper was not used as writing material. For their traditional calligraphy with brushes they used linen, hemp, bamboo (cane) and bark of the mulberry tree. Important progress has been made between the 2nd and 4th century AD. Thanks to the use of soaked bast of the mulberry the quality of the pulp significantly improved and paper became less heavy. The improvement was such that paper gradually replaced the former bamboo mats. Therefore, the Clerical texts and reports for the Court were henceforth written on paper. Circa 618 onwards, the first printing to paper was achieved in China during the Tang Dynasty of China. Moreover, during the same generation of Tang Dynasty, they also applied the paper money to replaced and reduce the product of the coin. 

Cai Lun : He was the first person who invent the paper.

This photo above has described the major steps of the paper making process. 

In Motat i've an opportunity to experience the traditional paper making process